Sociology & Scientific Depends Essay Example for Free

Sociology Scientific Depends Essay Sociologists have been divided on the issue of whether or not sociology is a science for as long as anyone remembers. It is a very controversial topic in sociology, due to the number of conflicting views about what it is to be scientific and according to the definitions of what is scientific, whether sociology can be categorised as a science. Durkheim and Compte, positivists believed that sociological studies should be based on the same logic and methods as natural science; they stated that this would create a positive science society and would allow us to discover laws of human behaviour, similar to the way scientists discovered the laws of gravity. Positivists believe that human behaviour, like that of a plant is influenced by external factors, that society shapes us and therefore that these factors can be isolated, controlled and measured. Durkheim believed that he had done just this when he had studied suicide, isolated the factor of being isolated as the cause of suicide. see more:when did sociology begin Popper was a famous philosopher of science, and he agreed with some of the positivists theories, claiming that indeed sociology could be a science. He said that natural sciences are scientific because they use the hypothetico-deductive approach, and look at evidence which may disprove their theory, as well as enforce it, he then went on to say that if sociologist could look at conflicting, as well as supporting evidence when trying to prove their theories, then indeed sociology could be considered scientific. Popper disagrees that human behaviour is only a product of outside stimuli, and so he is not a positivist, he simply agrees that sociology can be classed as scientific but in order to do so, studies must be conducted so that a hypothesis can be enforced or falsified. Popper argued that Marxism wasnt a scientific approach, because when its theory of a revolution failed but come true, they simply pushed its coming further into the future, instead of admitting the original hypothesis was untrue, therefore they prevented any possibility that the original theory had been false because they simply adapted it. Realists also believe that sociology is scientific, and claim that there is not much difference between sociological studies and natural science investigations. They held this view because like natural science investigations, sociology tries to explain the causes of behaviour in terms of underlying causes, which are not visible in everyday life. Sayer focussed on the fact that in all areas of science there were open and closed systems, for example in some situations, a lab can be used where variables can be controlled, but also in areas such as meteorology, experiments cannot always be fully controlled, he argued that sociology faced the same problem, studying issues which were relevant but complex, like meteorologists, sociologists had to deal with the fact that there may be other influences, but this does not mean that the studies they do are not scientific. Both study hidden causes of things relevant to their field, in ways that can be seen as scientific. The realist definition of science is Being scientific involves explaining behaviour in terms of underlying structures, mechanisms and processes. They believe that natural scientists and sociologists do, therefore sociology should be classed as a science.

Retail business in the UK high street

Retail business in the UK high street This report explaining UK electrical Curry market and comparing with other retailer. Here with discussing how curry becomes leading electronic goods seller? Explaining what is the method, model Curry electrical retailer using to success the business. This project evaluating retailer STP, Consumer behavior and describing what are the complicated issues curry facing? How Currys supporting customer relation fashionable strategy to increase the business profit? All are going to be evaluating and discussing in the below report. The retail business played as important role in the UK high street, all shopper and customer are searching for specific items in the high street which require retailer should keep specialty good products with lesser cost. Shoppers do not buy the products as a way the retailer mentioned, The retail business model or framework that support to the business activity and the business strategy support the retailer to sell the best products in the high street competition market. A variety of retailer market going out of fashion due to the market trend and consumer buying behavior. The business strategy sets how the retailer defines and differentiates their products in the modern fashion world. The fashion of the nature in retailing is vastly researched (Tether, 2005), Across UK Vat increase recession problem affect the UK money value, this situation affects the high street retailer business. In UK high street Retailer use to sell the goods or commodities to businesses or consumers, the retailer use to buy the product in the huge quantities from the manufacturers at wholesale price and apply to sells those products to consumers in sellable price. The many high street top level retailers focusing on the new fashionable strategy which affects the small medium level business. The new best retailer company according to the situation restructuring their management, reviewing of their philosophies, motivations in an effective way. The idea of a retailer product lifecycle proposed initially by Levitt (1965) and later developed inside a retail situation in the 1970s (Davidson and Johnson, 1981). In this report investigating how retailer, electrical sector going out of fashion in the high street, and describes how Currys electrical business related to the external environment, marketing strategy, consumer behavior. The retailing structure typically exists in innovative, low price segments. The middle level retailers cant deliver good value compare to the big level competitors (Levy et al., 2005). Currys is the main retailer shop, which sells electrical devices, home appliances in the high street. Currys delivers best house hold products in the modern rate throughout the UK. Due to the High Street retailer competition in the festival time such as Christmas, New Year the consumer buying power varies from shop to shop. MAIN BODY: The High street shops all are the popular offering shops which we can support to access the entire product quickly with the flexible rate. The biggest high street retailers are facing lot difficulties in the fashionable situation. Each shop selling the product in the reasonable rate using different strategy. The Tesco shop is the famous high street retailer shop offers electrical goods, videos and DVDs, personal finance items. The Comet electrical shop is available in the high street which has good house hold appliances and electronics entertainment items. The Argos is the main home shopping place which available in the high street and use to sell product in the lesser cost. WH Smith contains Videos, DVDs, Magazines and Stationery. PC World is the computer based electronics shop support to customer to buy computer software and hardware accessories. HMVs retailer supporting to user to purchase legal videos, DVDs in the lower price. Currys is the biggest electrical retailer support to sell white and brown goods. Currys Retail: Currys is the main retailer which sells electrical goods in UK Ireland. Henry Curry founded Currys on 1884 and really developed on 1927 by Henrys Sons. Currys is one of the important retailer shops in UK which sells electrical items and household items, and located in high street. Currys is the main biggest retailer shop and its main competitor Comet. Currys use to sell much an electrical items and also many computing products. Due to competition most of the store closed and few shop reported as sales less, After rebranding Dixons to Currys.digital sales was not increased , Now a days due to the recession, Global economy down affected many more retailer shop and consumer this cause business profit. Here with we will be analyzing and critically evaluating the external environment for the retailer Currys market such as white and brown products and this internal audit performance. This project analyzing Curry electrical item buying behavior, strengths weakness implementing different s trategies. RETAIL EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT: External Environment: External business environment is the main decision element to achieve the business in the retailer to concentrate on the customer and the high street people. The external environment providing the productivity, performance for the company. If any business wants to success in the competition market environment analysis is important and mandatory. Curry electrical shop provides the best product in the lesser price and fulfill the benefits to the customer according to the business environment. The business environment differentiates from the micro level and the macro level. The Micro environment customer, materials, employees, suppliers, share holders and the media are the internal factors which related to the business performance. The Macro environment will affect managers to make the proper decision for the organization. The political, economical, social, technical, environmental and legal key factors provides best analyze solution for the electrical retail managers to select the best market for their business growth. The fashionable High street business supporting to the all people who likes to buy reasonable product with the reasonable price. The political environment supports the retailer business with the commerce and trade policy. The effect of the political decision makes the electrical shop to follow the UK rules and regulation. The Curry shop selling the right electronics and home usable items, and adding vat to their customer according to the commerce policy. The customer expectation products are imported from the different countries following trade rules. The Economical factor is most important for the retailer shop which supports to sell competitive price in the customer and keep enough stock to the customer. Past few years inflation affected in many business and currys keep maintaining the finance and controlling to improve the business in different location. The last five years huge competition occurred in electrical markets to make and sells better electronic goods and home used items in the high street. Social factor such as life style and modern trend impacts the retailer business, Curry doing the market research , analyzing social culture time to time in the different UK location, Its finds where and when need to sell the expected items in their different branches into the variant life. Technologically Retail e-Business supporting to view the electronic products and the house hold items, the customer use to view the electronic shop details through internet for the quick reference, users can able to find which high street shop has the better prices items with offer or with lesser price. The Curry electronic shop website has the modern features to communicate with customer. Environmental factor is the major impact for the High street business. According to the Curry environmental factor support to the customer according to the season. The winter season major affect for the retailer business, Ex the Curry electronic shop winter season business use to get dull. While snow time the customer purchasing capability use to get reduce. The Legal option such as different religion function impacts the high street retailer business. The government rules and restriction makes curry to sell specific electronics item which is legally sellable to everyone. The money transaction and buying items from the credit card, debit card or loan system follows the legal procedure. MARKET ANALYSIS: The strategy analysis is the main proper definition for the market ( George, 1981), this is depend on the choice of the customer segments and this issues as the alternatives of the new information technologies, the all level of production of the market depend upon the consumer buying behavior. The market leader or supervisor recognize and provide the best ideas to make the business opportunities ( Thomas, 2004), This project find the important issues of the market which support for the customer to identify the best opportunity and fashionable electronics product in the high street. The Market analysis support to provide the quality product with the less cost in the fashionable competitive market. The market techniques very useful to analyze the markets situation and will support to the retailer to increase the business according to the changeable market. The retailer market research will identify the user needs and their expectation in the day to day activity. Market researchers crit ically evaluating the market data sources at their removal ( Reed Moyer, 1968). The Market size and value are identify from the market analysis and make the manager should do the proper decision to do better business in the UK high street. . UK RETAIL ELECTRICAL SECTOR: IN UK Retailing is one of the major profitable sectors which support the different range of stores from supermarkets to the small stores. The UK high street retailing effects the most of the operation and the retailers offer the major products to the buyer. The best supply chain suppliers effectively control the retailers business. The High Street electrical shop competition force curry to sell the product in the lower price with good market shares. The UK electrical retailer business competes in three main way such as Advertising, lower price sales with the good market shares. Currys Market researcher implementing the different marketing knowledge on their sales items which that support to create new strategies. The UK Curry electrical shop using SWOT, PEST, Porters 5 forces identifying the marketing strategy. White goods Major House hold appliances. Brown goods Audio, Photographic , games equipments. Grey goods information, Telephone and fax equipments. COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS: The Retailing competitive analysis affects the environment within particular area which related to the cost of the quality product, The retail sector is the innovative sector which makes always new activities and develop the best strategies. The retail sector keep increase and some time due to inflation few company closed their operations and few retailer company merged with other company. UK electrical retailer business are the main activity business supports to rich and poor people. The competitive analysis contain three generic such as Cost, differentiation, focus. Currys main aims to be the lowest cost producer within the industry in order to keep maintain the top electric sellable position in UK. The differentiation attributes mainly differentiate the Currys cometitors. RETAILER SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: UK Retailers are the dominant supply chain members over their activities are involved in to organizing, managing and controlling the electrical product supply activity. The retail markets logistics operation taken care through the warehousing and transport etc. The supply chain retail organization technological development support to increase the sales power of the retailer. The electric retailers distribution channel consider with the product time to market, time to respond. The curry retailers strategy fulfill the customers hope and reduce the price of the electrical products. The best supply chain management system for curry electrical shop effectively rise through the internet technologies. The internet business purchase reducing the high street competition and increasing the global sourcing, this exchange focused more concern for British manufacturers to attention on the supply costs. The British economy more related to the electrical business which makes better performance in t he high street supply. INTERNAL AUDIT FOR THE CURRYS: Sherer and Kent believe that internal audit is a system that ability to answer the financial condition and control for the organisation. The Audits main objective to analyse the business and control the risk of that business which makes to improve the efficiency of the business activities and the operating procedures in the management control. Curry Retail store audit managing the budget in the multiple high street location shop, the quantity of the data mainly support to make the audits. The store audit process managing the staffing and store operations. The traditional audit method prevent the paper work and using the analysis tool. The new technology enabling the self assessment program. The curry electrical shop using new audit tool which useful to enhance the productivity and improve reporting features. The British biggest electrical retailer Curry has the different supply chains problems such as some time stocking the wrong range of products very badly with make problem for the stores. The inadequate staff affects the business activity. In the recession time the staff of the company around loss their jobs and company share also got reduced on 2008. Due to the high street competition the huge market problem affected the business and redundancies increased due to the inflation. The one of the retailer executive Browett told The transform of the Dixons to the Currys shops are completely basic cultural shift which make electrical business become recognizable, and what it did today. Curry retail store audit function mainly challenged by the budget limitation and resources, The curries different business impacts, regulation are changing the fashionable technology to control the business information which audits the business stores. The curry retail business financial, HR department manages vast quantity of the business information which related to the retail audits. The new accounting and finance software like SAP, Microsoft Dynamics, SAGE supporting to the Currys digital shop to maintain the auditing. The new financial and regulatory process always limits the working man hours as well as employees manual calculation. The annual audit controls the internal unwanted process and audits the store operations and functions with the proper requirements. The Currys electrical internal auditing produce cost savings and get better the efficiency of the business. The self-assessment and the software technologies support the currys internal process. The automated electrical shop auditing more convenient for the investment section, The each electronics business audit process every year clear the balance and target the next financial year success. The house hold items and electronics items auditing section increase the operational improvement to report the retail business capability. CRITICALLY EVALUATING UK RETAILER : Dixons retail is the British company and one of the biggest company in Europe, this company initially known as Dixons store group which sells all electronics products and large domestic products, this company operates Currys, PC world , Currys.digital. This electronic shop sells mobile products, online digital product and childcare products. Dixons main competitors are Darty and Comet. Dixons origins from the small photographic place and located in all UK and Ireland and founded by Charles Kalms. Dixons removed on 2006 the brand in the high street and using Curry brand, it was branded as Curry.digital. The Curry technology focused consumer electronic product which support the all electronic business. In 2009 Currys named formed from the Currys.digital and it got new logo and started many high street branches. In Croydon sep 2010 the Curry PC world store opened. Curry has 295 superstores and nearly 73 high street stores in UK and Ireland. A Currys annual sale in 2004 is  £1.752 mln and  £ 1,852 mln in 2005. Now the Bristol store has the best turnover in the competitive business market. Currently Currys is the best popular electrical retailer shop and this main competitor is Comet. How retailer modify organization strategies which affect electrical retailing ? What are the key development happen in electrical retatiling in near future ? What are the important to producte drive the future growth in the Uk electrical market? Who are the best successful electrical retailers related to the strategies and growth ? Currys and PC World selling the good products prices. The PC world helping the customer to get more digital products. Improving the best services with the PC world and Currys is increasing the sales and its improve the task. The new effort of the UK electrical market perfoming better compare to Italy and other European market. The Browett told Itally DSGis business will grow after four years. Due to the recession nearly 40 different electrical store closed in UK and many of the shop underperforming due to the competition. The UK share price has down and the money value went down from the last few years. UK Marketing director Niall Okeefe said The Dixons largest electrical selection creates shopping exercise with megastore. Dixons opened with other better store with the combination of Currys and PC world. The retailer Currys information bought electrical devices from the different group of supplier, the applications like computers, printers, radios and phones. The White good products such as fridges, cookers, computers, phones, radios, washing machines, printers, fridges and many more new products are available in Currys. The Website Analysis is the main standard layouts which support for the business and keep all products in proper order in the flexible price. Currys main logo is very famous to support for the online and high street business. The website color theme support the user to choose best design, framework, and Currys website has red and white theme color to attract customer. The website is friendlier and support to find shop location in high street, supports to book the el ectrical product, easy to get customer support. SEGMENTATION, TARGETING POSITIONING: Earlier to launch a challenging electrical product or services to the market UK electric retailer using more efficiently and efficiently their resources. Currys adding more clearly market planning in the high street. Currys electrical shop increasing the opportunity to make effective customer relationship management. Currys increasing the opportunity to get the better competitive advantages. The basic model of the STP developed and maintained by Dibb (1998) and Kolter (2000). Segmentation is based on the growth of the reational adjustment of the product and the marketing effort to meet user demands. (Smith, 1957). Wright (2004) suggests some reasons that B2B markets require segmenting. These are applied to Curry electrical shop to identify the customer needs, to build and maintain the business competitive advantages. The Curry business market brings sales, profit and organizational success and identifying the new opportunities in different markets. Wright (2004) says that micro segmentation process making the best decision to manage the business. The UK Retail Curry Company seeks to position its brand at a exacting location within the embattled market segments ( Ries and Trout ,2001). Positioning calls the battle for the mind and how and where the electric service is positioned in the minds of customers will generate either success or failure. The key STP factors used in the UK electrical retailer market such as Geographic- destinations, Electrical retailer Types, Customer profile, Positioning within the market sector. Repositioning: The High street Electrical retailer companies have to be reactive to changing circumstances, and that may include repositioning their brands. Repositioning occur due to evolution of the company and brand. The former Dixon company joined with other electrical company, changing the societal conditions in currys different high street shop. MARKETING STRATEGY: PESTEL Electrical Goods Retail Political: The high street retail store warranty and guarantee sales support the business to sell the more products. The political energy conservation policy boost the electrical replacement markets. The new product markets political impact the digital TV , telecommunication , network business. Economic: The economic growth considered the sales. The consumer confidence increase the economic condition and perform the high street retailer market. Social Cultural Aspirations: The fashion and design support to the business growth. The competition cultural activity impact the high street electrical business. The mobile and entertainment products increase the retail business. The multiple entertainment products support the currys retailer business. Demographic structure: The older age group members usage of the entertainment buying power would be less compare to the growing young age education and entertainment product. The technological product Technology: The technological innovation support to create new model DVD player, Tvs, Computing, Mobile phone and house hold appliances. This feature support for the electronics shop performance, enhancement and will increase the ability of the fashion. The electrical product enhancement supporting to make vital growth. Environmental: The Energy environmental features is more important for the electrical shop , the recycling features bear the future cost and more related to the electrical business. CURRYS RETAILER SWOT: The concept of the SWOT analysis derives from the work of Andrews and others at Harvard University (Andrews,1986). The Currys electrical retail organizational analysis focuses on the inherent strengths and weaknesses within the organization. The Curry environmental analysis focuses on the external opportunities and threats that exist within the organization. Opportunities: The Curry electrical shop has the good brand name which support for the profitable business globally. Curry electronics items purchase and supply moving to globally via internet. The new technology support for the electrical business to growth. The Curry shop has the opportunity to introduce new technology product into the market. It has good opportunity to increase the branches in many high streets. Threats: Electrical high street business doesnt have significant involvement, The UK electrical retailers has the competition in the new white and brown goods. The other electrical shop Comet is the main threat for Curry. Due to the price war the Argos still selling the electronics goods in lesser price. Strengths: Currys is one of the largest electrical retailer shops in the UK and it has successful retail chain stores under its own brand. Currys shop has many different choice of electrical goods and house hold items with the lesser price. The company brand keep increasing business turnover compare to other electric store. Currys has all modern fashionable electronics items in easily accessible place. Weakness: The UK Currys electrical retail sales growths of 5.4% in to  £1.985m in 2006. The share of these Curries store sales is falled in each of the last 10 years, so currys closed 18 high street stores in UK. The inflation, recession affecting the retailer business. The huge competition in high street make down the business growth. CURRY PORTER FIVE FORCES: The Porters 5 forces analysis deals with the organisations influences the nature of the rivalry and force inside the company microenvironment that pressure the way in which firms contend and so the industrys likely productivity is conducted in Porters five forces model (Porter M., 1980). The Porter competition model implemented to the Currys Electrical retailer which include the rivalry between sellers, power exerted by the customer , potential threat of the new seller and threat of the substitute products. These forces gives organizations the necessary insight to enables them to plan the proper strategies to be victorious in the market (Thurlby, 1998). The Structural analysis of retailer industries is defined in five forces model, Using porters model we can able to identify Currys electrical store new products, services or business which have the potential for profitable. Ex: Currys Retailer shop: The popular electrical retailer shop in UK consider here from the standpoint of the five forces model. The threat of new entrants: The new entrants into a market creates new capacity with the objective of gaining market share. There are seven forces of barriers to entry i. Economic of scale ii. Capital requirements iii. Access to distribution channels iv. Cost disadvantages independent of scale iv Government policy.The deregulation and the development of the new high street Currys hop has the opportunities to start the new marketplace. However there are some product price significances is setting up and running on electrical business. The risk can be high, as various financial casualties over the past three years. The new branch office and new product have to balance the risk factor to enter the market. The Supplier power: The supply group can hold the bargaining power over buyer in some situations. The buyer point out supplier are not grateful to challenge with other replacement goods for sale to the industry (Groucuttet al. ,2004). There are various supplier for Curry electrical shop for house hold items and electrical items such as Sony, Dell, Hp, Samsung, Apple, IBM etc. The suppliers are supplying different items from Uk and other country. The Buyer Power: Buyers are particularly powerful within an industry and have the good power to create the competition among other suppliers. The buyer power conditions are i. Purchase large volumes related to the sellers sales. ii. customers face few switching costs iii. The company earns low profit iv. The buyer has full market industry information. Currys retail shop less cost product, house hold items offer or discounted fares buyers pwer increased. The level of buyer power is related to the amount of product sales. Threat of Substitutes: Products or Services can perform the same similar functions as the product or services already established within the organization. There are other way of purchase electronics goods in UK other than High street. Comet is one of the electronic business shop sells different house hold and electronic items, which is the main competitor for Currys . The highly efficient and cost effective substitute dependent on the availability. The Competitors: The three competitive advantages are cost, differentiation and focus, the competitive dimensions are segment scope, vertical scope, geographic scope and industrial scope. The marketing mix provides the edge. The three main generic strategies of cost, differentiation and focus and their variants. The Currys cost leadership support to provide lowest cost product. The differentiation strategy support the company to serve the attributes significantly differ from its competitor. The focus are two types i. Cost focus ii. Differentiation focus Ex: The Curry electrical store become a highly competitive market. This might not discourage new entrants if they believe competitive advantage through some form of focus or differentiation. CONSUMER BEHAVIOR: Consumer behavior is the main study which supports to the group of people purchase, services and satisfy their purchase. Consumers are the players to help the business to run, In addition consumer buy goods to use .Segmentation are one of the features, and Consumer separated according to much different scope according to the market. The online business support to the group of people to view the high street retailer products to register and purchase. The Consumer behavior is use to support the public policy issues and the culture. The dark side of the part is theft or damage. The consumer behavior disciplines categorized as individual consumer and the macro consumer group. The consumer is rational decision maker use to purchase the retailer products which contain good feature. Buying Behavior: Specific Needs and Buying behavior are strongly value personal accomplishment.(David, 1955) The most important needs are relevant to the Currys electrical consumer behavior includes Need for affiliation that means to be consumed as group, Need for power, Need for uniqueness. The Consumer Involvement defined as a persons needs, values, and interests (Measuring Marketing, 1985). The UK Culture has a set of values that imparts to its members. (Richard W. Pollay, 1983). Currys Consumer motivations are frequently determined by essential values. Each Culture is characterized by a set of main values. Life Style and Personalities: In the traditional societies one of the main consumption are family , class and caste but in the modern consumer society people are free to select the product , services and activities that communicated to others. The Life Style refers reflecting of persons choices of how she or he expense the money. In the economic sense allocation of income related to the allocation of income related to service and product (Benjamin D, 1976) The persons personalities are distinctive psychological behavior influences by the environment. The marketing strategies support to identify the people life style and differentiate the business success applied by the real life. The life style research analyzed in the small group and measure for the larger group. This lifestyle analyzes support for retailer to understand the customer outlook. A Lifestyle marketing perspective recognize that people class into groups on the basis of what they like , how they like to spend leisure time and their disposable income.(Zablocki and Kanter). The fashionable lifestyle increases the retail purchase activities, interests and opinions. Marketing Research: Marketing research is the process to find the information in the way of marketing , collecting, analyzing and reporting an organization. The marketing has the main objectives such as find the business problems and improve the sales. The high street people buying capability observe from the different strategy and using small samples, making the questionnaire , interviews supporting to analyze the research. The primary data collection such as survey, experiment, Mail telephone communication method very useful to gather information. The secondary data collection from the website, internet, books and different retail market articles support the business to find better solution for the future. The electrical marketing sales people and customers report support for the business growth. The festival and economy inflation survey research support the retailer to make better price for their customer. The quality , cost, services are the main marketing key factors whi

Stronger Case Antigone Or Creon Philosophy Essay

Stronger Case Antigone Or Creon Philosophy Essay At the centre of The Burial at Thebes is the contest between the belief that the gods should form the basis of moral behaviour in the state, presented by Antigone and Creons case that the king can define what is correct behaviour. I shall go through the text and pick out passages that are relevant to the cases presented. My conclusion will be based on which case has the most support throughout the text, remains the most consistent and also the desire of the protagonists to see their views through to the end. Antigone presents her case during the plays prologue. She believes Creons general order forbidding the burial of Polyneices is morally wrong and states clearly that she is going to bury his body (Heaney, 2004, p5Â  [1]Â  ). It is important to note that women played a central role in the religious conventions of funeral rites and practices (Hardwirck, 2008, p195), and these events contrasted with the usual exclusion of women from Greek public life. This issue is raised by Ismene who describers herself and Antigone as two women on our own who we must do as were told (p5). It is made clear in this passage that Antigone knows she will be sentenced to death for defying Creon, something she has not intention of covering up. For Antigone burying her brother is a matter of showing honour to the dead (the ones youll be with the longest) and her belief that the gods will be proud of me (p6). The importance of reverence to the gods is a central theme in the play and Antigones case is strengthened by her invocation to them and the importance of giving the dead an appropriate burial. Before Creon has stated his case he has it strengthened by the Chorus who describe him as right for this city at this time (p9) at the end of the parados. Given that one function of the Chorus is to provide moral comment this is notable backing. Creon case, that Polyneices, a traitor, an anti- Theban Theban (p10), should not be buried is stated during his first rhesis. By giving this order Creon is not only willing to sacrifice family ties but emphasising loyalty to the state. The security of, and loyalty to, the state is the at the heart of Creons case. His opening speech is an extended metaphor in which the state is a ship that he led to calmer waters (p8), and those that stood by him a loyal crew. Creon emphasises the words friend and family (p9) to strengthen his belief that personal loyalty must always give way to patriotic duty (p9). After the war with Argos it makes sense that Creon would want to install a sense of unity by honouring those that stood up for Thebes and highlight the importance of patriotic duty. Creon uses the gods to back up his case. For him they kept Thebes safe during the war with Argos and later on describes as preposterous the idea that the gods have had a hand'(p14) in the burial of the traitor Polyneices. Creon believes his case here is strong for it would be illogical that the gods would side with Polyneices given that the city [is] under their protection (p14). If Creons view of the gods is correct, then is case his strengthened but if, as the Chorus suggests, the gods have sided with Antigone than her belief that they will be proud of her appears to be true. Another theme Creon raises is his belief that dissent to his rule is money orientated. It warps minds and generally corrupts (p15) and is, in Creons mind, the reason why the guard has not apprehended the burier of Polyneices. When the guard suggests that the judge has misjudged everything (p16) he emphasises judge and mis when he speaks, giving an added sense of foreboding to his words. This is added to when he describes waiting for whatever plague.. the gods were sending (p19) when capturing Antigone. The theme of money and plague are later returned to and help destroy not only Creons case, but also himself. Antigones acceptance of death is highlighted when the guard describes how she showed no signs of panic (p20) and admitted breaking Creons law. The following agon gives each protagonist the opportunity to strengthen their cases. Antigone does this by emphasising the edict is not the law of Zeus and that she follows original, god-given laws (p20). By invoking the gods again Antigone gives her case the backing of those that all in Thebes will worship long after Creon ceases to rule. Creon challenges Antigone when he asks if religion dictates the same for loyal and disloyal (p24). Here he is supporting his belief that the gods value the security of Thebes and would not want to be joined by a traitor. When he would states he would know his enemy in the underworld (p24) Creon appears to be stating that the afterlife is a a continuation of this life, and the battles he has fought; whereas for Antigone the next world is a place where past sins matter not and all are equal and thus that the gods are less concerned with mortal actions than Creon. With such differing views on the will of the gods the case that is the strongest will be the case that pleases the gods the most. The third episode sticmythia with Haemon gives Creon the opportunity to restate and strengthen his case which he does with his opening speech. Here he restates the importance of discipline and obedience to the state; when those go cities, homes and armies collapse (p15). Again Creon is stating the importance of stability as he did with his first speech and again he states that he expects his family to observe the discipline I expect from every citizen (p30). It is hard to not respect Creons views here and the Chorus does just this when they state the he seems to make good sense (p31). By the end of the third episode the case laid out in Creons opening speech is brought to the fore. He has sacrificed his son for what he perceives to be the security of the state and has proven that patriotic duty has triumphed over personal loyalty (p10). By relenting now Creon would destroy his case; Antigone has to die for Creons case to remain strong and Creon shows that he is willing to accept the consequences of his actions when he tells the Chorus that Haemon can do his worst then (p35). Creon should have remembered the Choruss warning that anyone who overstep[s] what the city allows risks being put beyond the pale (p16). Haemon tells Creon that People here in Thebes dont seem to think that Antigone is a danger. Creons response that rulers[are] meant to be in charge should strengthen his case but it doesnt the Chorus also warned of the dangers of treating the lawas his own word (p33). The grace with which Antigone accepts her fate throughout the fourth episode strengthens her case. The Chorus believes that Antigone goes with her head held high and because you were noble (p37 39). It is difficult to not be moved when she says I close my eye on the sun. I turn my back on the light (p39) with emphasises on close, eye, sun, turn, back and light. Antigone remains consistent and sees her case through to the end. In her final speech she reminds the reader that she has been punished for a reverence that was right (p41), that is a reverence to Hades, to the dead, even if they are enemies of the state and the duty of families to mourn their loved ones. By this point Creon can present his case as being successful. The state has won, and someone that has shown a lack of loyalty has been punished as the law demanded. Despite this his case isnt as strong as it should be. The Chorus who who at first supported Creon and who he relied upon to be agents of the law (p11) have turned against him, and the warnings put to him earlier have still not been dealt with. The entry of Tiresias brings the end of Creons case. The plague the guard alluded too has become tangible, and the corpse of Polyneices is where the contagion starts (p44). The king has been warned that the gods are revolted (p44) but when told that he can undo his mistake his first response is to accuse Tiresias of being bribed and his second sight.. well warped (p45). When Creon does relent it is because he has taken Antigones view that we should keep the established law (p48). This is a complete u-turn that sees Creon accept Antigones case and proves beyond doubt that her case is the stronger of the two. It is too little too late, Antigone is dead in her wedding dress with her beloved Haemon by her side, his mother and Creons wife Eurydice soon joins them in the underworld. Creon is destroyed; he want(s) to hurry death (p55) but can not. Antigone accepted the consequences of her actions but Creon has courted calamity (p56) and must accept the unknown to come. Using the criteria stated above I can only conclude that Antigone has been given the stronger case. If the play finished at the end of fourth episode it would be a hard decision but I would have sided with Antigone following her heartbreaking speeches. I would, as a modern reader, also be swayed by the belief that the state should not interfere in the religious practices of families and should not overturn centuries old traditions for political reasons. Creons taking on of Antigones view and the Choruss final moral comment, that leaders should always rule by the gods and reverence them (p56), makes it impossible to draw a conclusion different to mine.

Admissions Essay - My Father Died of AIDS :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

Admissions Essay -Â  My Father Died of AIDS Â   Seventeen years ago, I came bounding into a world of love and laughter. I was the first child, the first grandchild, the first niece, and the primary focus of my entire extended family. Although they were not married, my parents were young and energetic and had every good intention for their new baby girl. I grew up with opportunities for intellectual and spiritual growth, secure in the knowledge that I was loved, free from fear, and confident that my world was close to perfect. And I was the center of a world that had meaning only in terms of its effect on me-- what I could see from a height of three feet and what I could comprehend with the intellect and emotions of a child. This state of innocence persisted through my early teens, but changed dramatically in the spring of my sophomore year of high school. My beloved father was dying of AIDS. Â   From the moment my parents told me, I confronted emotions and issues that many adults have never faced. Â   Death of a parent, and AIDS specifically, forced my view of the world and my sense of responsibility to take a dramatic turn. I had already accepted my father's homosexuality and had watched through the years as he experienced both prejudice and acceptance related to his sexual preference. However, in this case I did not have the benefit of time to understand my father's illness since he decided not to tell me until he had developed full-blown AIDS. My role in the relationship was suddenly reversed. Â   Where I had once been the only child of my single father, I was now the parent to the debilitated child. Â   Â   By the summer of my junior year, I had rearranged the structure of my life; as my father's illness progressed and he became increasingly incapacitated, he depended on me a great deal. Â   Each morning before school I took him to the hospital where he received blood transfusions or chemotherapy to treat the lymphoma that was destroying his body. After school, I raced home to complete my homework so that I could later go to his apartment. There I cooked meals, cleaned up, and administered his oral and intravenous medications. Working with IVs became second nature to me. I found myself familiar with the names of drugs like Cytovene, used to treat CMV, Neupogen, to raise one's white blood cell count, and literally countless others.

Children: The Innocent Victims of Polygamy Essay -- plural marriage, do

Many people would happily accept an opportunity to have their daily stress reduced by employing help with not only their children but also with daily household responsibilities of cooking and cleaning. Especially in this fragile economic state the average family living in America cannot afford the luxury of hiring a house cleaner, cook or nanny. However, there are polygamists families in America have the abilities of multiple adults contributing to the same household because of the lifestyle choice of having multiple spouses. The extra help comes at a price for woman, by having to share her husband with other woman and raising her children in the difficult and uncommon lifestyle. Polygamy takes a total acceptance and understanding of it by the mothers, in order for polygamy not to have a negative psychological impact on her children. Children are the innocent victims of polygamy; consequently, they grow up witnessing a tense environment filled with their mother’s insecurities and rivalries with the other wives, which sequentially end up harming the child in the end. Furthermore, polygamy can be psychologically damaging to children because of the increased rates of not only welfare fraud, domestic violence, and underage marriages but also child abuse and neglect. â€Å"Polygamy is defined as a marriage in which a spouse of either gender has more than one mate at the same time. Polygamy is considered a valid form of marriage in many countries and communities around the globe† (Al-Krenawi). However, polygamy is illegal in the United States. Those who practice polygamy in America can only be â€Å"legally† married to one spouse; therefore, the subsequent spouses in a polygamist relationship hold a â€Å"singl... ... Palestinian Case." International Journal Of Social Psychiatry 58.1 (2012): 79-95. Academic Search Complete. Web. 20 Nov. 2013. Kilbride, Phillipe Leroy, and Ãâ€"zer, Ali, Fatma Ãâ€"zlem Orhan, and Hasan Çetin Ekerbià §er. "Sociodemographic Variables And Depression In Turkish Women From Polygamous Versus Monogamous Families." Health Care For Women International 34.11 (2013): 1024-1034. Academic Search Complete. Web. 20 Nov. 2013. Page, Douglas. Plural Marriage for Our Times: A Reinvented Option. 2nd ed. California: Praeger, 2013. Print. Polygamy. Histats. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2013. Polyggamy FAQs. Polygamy.org. TM, n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2013. White, Ryan. â€Å"Two Sides Of Polygamy.† Utah Law Review 2009.2 (2009): 495-502. Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 Nov. 2013. Children: The Innocent Victims of Polygamy Essay -- plural marriage, do Many people would happily accept an opportunity to have their daily stress reduced by employing help with not only their children but also with daily household responsibilities of cooking and cleaning. Especially in this fragile economic state the average family living in America cannot afford the luxury of hiring a house cleaner, cook or nanny. However, there are polygamists families in America have the abilities of multiple adults contributing to the same household because of the lifestyle choice of having multiple spouses. The extra help comes at a price for woman, by having to share her husband with other woman and raising her children in the difficult and uncommon lifestyle. Polygamy takes a total acceptance and understanding of it by the mothers, in order for polygamy not to have a negative psychological impact on her children. Children are the innocent victims of polygamy; consequently, they grow up witnessing a tense environment filled with their mother’s insecurities and rivalries with the other wives, which sequentially end up harming the child in the end. Furthermore, polygamy can be psychologically damaging to children because of the increased rates of not only welfare fraud, domestic violence, and underage marriages but also child abuse and neglect. â€Å"Polygamy is defined as a marriage in which a spouse of either gender has more than one mate at the same time. Polygamy is considered a valid form of marriage in many countries and communities around the globe† (Al-Krenawi). However, polygamy is illegal in the United States. Those who practice polygamy in America can only be â€Å"legally† married to one spouse; therefore, the subsequent spouses in a polygamist relationship hold a â€Å"singl... ... Palestinian Case." International Journal Of Social Psychiatry 58.1 (2012): 79-95. Academic Search Complete. Web. 20 Nov. 2013. Kilbride, Phillipe Leroy, and Ãâ€"zer, Ali, Fatma Ãâ€"zlem Orhan, and Hasan Çetin Ekerbià §er. "Sociodemographic Variables And Depression In Turkish Women From Polygamous Versus Monogamous Families." Health Care For Women International 34.11 (2013): 1024-1034. Academic Search Complete. Web. 20 Nov. 2013. Page, Douglas. Plural Marriage for Our Times: A Reinvented Option. 2nd ed. California: Praeger, 2013. Print. Polygamy. Histats. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2013. Polyggamy FAQs. Polygamy.org. TM, n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2013. White, Ryan. â€Å"Two Sides Of Polygamy.† Utah Law Review 2009.2 (2009): 495-502. Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 Nov. 2013.

Functions of Reserve Bank of India Essay

1. Information. Fights against economic crisis and ensures economic and price stability in the country 2. Promotional Functions 3. Promotional of banking habit and expansion of banking systems. Provides refinance for export promotion. Expansion of facilities for the provision of agricultural credit through NABARD 4. Extension of facilities for the Small Scale Industries. 5. Helping the co-operative sector. 6. Prescription of minimum statutory requirements. Innovations in banking business. A. Traditional Functions The RBI functions on the traditional lines regarding the following activities. 1. Monopoly of Note Issue In terms of Section 22 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, the RBI has been given the statutory function of note issue on a monopoly basis. The note issue in India was originally based upon â€Å"Proportional Reserve System†. When it became difficult to maintain the reserve proportionately, it was replaced by â€Å"Minimum Reserve System â€Å". According to the RBI Amendment Act of 1957, the bank should now maintain a minimum reserve of Rs.200 crore worth of gold coins, gold bullion and foreign securities of which the value of gold coin and bullion should be not less than Rs.115 crore. RBI manages circulation of money through currency chests. Originally RBI issued currency notes of Rs.2 and above. However, due to higher cost of printing small denomination notes these denominations are now coincides and issued by Government. Currency Chests Currency Chests are receptacles in which stocks of issuable and new notes are stored along with rupee coins. Currency Chests are repositories run by RBI, SBI, subsidiaries of SBI, public sector banks, Government Treasuries and Sub treasuries. Currency Chests help in expansion and contraction of currency in the country. The advantages for a bank having currency chest are: (i) The bank can draw funds whenever it is required for its use and deposit funds when found surplus. (ii) Exchange old and mutilated notes for new notes and coins (iii) Enjoy remittance facilities (iv) Cash remitted to currency chests by banks can be taken into account for maintenance of CRR. The currency chests maintained by public sector and few private sector banks are the property of RBI. The value of currency held in the chest belongs to RBI. There are as many as 4150 currency chests with banks in India. 2. Banker to the Government The RBI acts as banker to the Government under Section 20 of RBI Act. Section 21 provides that Government should entrust its money remittance, exchange and banking transactions in India to RBI. Under Section 21A RBI has to conduct similar transactions for State Governments also. RBI earns no income by conducting those functions but earns commissions for managing the government’s public debt. Where RBI has no branch, SBI or its subsidiaries are appointed as agents and sub-agents under Section 45 of the RBI Act. Agency Banks receive commission on all transactions conducted on turnover basis. The RBI extends ‘ ways and means ‘ advances to Central and State Governments. Ways and Means Advances: â€Å"Ways and Means Advances† (WMA) is not a commercial bank credit. It is a system under which the RBI provides credit to Central and State Governments for meeting temporary shortfall in government revenues as compared to the monthly expenditures. In other words, this facility is provided to meet temporary mismatches between revenue collections and revenue expenditures of governments. The maximum volume and period of such advances are governed by agreements between RBI and the concerned government. To the State Governments, this facility is extended under three categories known as 1. Normal WMA 2. Special WMA and 3. as an overdraft facility. It also acts as adviser to Government on economic and financial matters. In brief, as a banker to the Government the RBI renders the following functions: (a) Collects taxes and makes payments on behalf of the Government (b) Accepts deposits from the Government (c) Collects cheques and drafts deposited in the Government accounts. (d) Provides short-term loans to the Government (e) Provides foreign exchange resources to the Government. (f) Keep the accounts of various Government Department. (g) Maintains currency chests in treasuries at some importance places for the convenience of the government. (h) Advises governments on their borrowing programmes. (i) Maintains and operates Central Government’s IMF accounts. 3. Agent and Adviser of the Government The RBI acts, as the financial agent and adviser to the Government. It renders the following functions: (a) As an agent to the Government, it accepts loans and manages public debts on behalf of the Government. (b) It issues Government bonds, treasury bills, etc. (c) Acts as the financial adviser to the Government in all important economic and financial matters. 4. Banker to the BanksThe RBI acts as banker to all scheduled banks. Commercial banks including foreign banks, co-operative banks and RRBs are eligible to be included in the second schedule of RBI Act subject to fulfilling conditions laid down under Section 42 (6) of RBI Act. RBI has powers to delete a bank from the second schedule if the bank concerned fails to fulfill the laid down conditions such as erosion in paid up capital below the prescribed limits and the banks’ activities became detrimental to the interest of depositors, etc. All banks in India, should keep certain percentage of their demand and time liabilities as reserves with the RBI. This is known as Cash Reserve Ratio or CRR. At end November 1999, it is 3 per cent for RRBs and co-operative banks; 9 per cent for commercial banks. They also maintain Current Account with RBI for various banking transactions. This centralization of reserves and accounts enables the RBI to achieve the following: (a) Regulation of money supply credit. (b) Acts as custodian of cash reserves of commercial banks. (c) Strengthen the banking system of the country (d) Exercises effective control over banks in Liquidity Management. (e) Ensures timely financial assistance to the Banks in difficulties. (f) Gives directions to the Banks in their lending policies in the public interest. (g) Ensures elasticity in the credit structure of the country. (h) Quick transfer of funds between member banks. 5. Acts as National Clearing House In India RBI acts as the clearing house for settlement of banking transactions. This function of clearing house enables the other banks to settle their interbank claims easily. Further it facilitates the settlement economically. Where the RBI has no offices of its own, the function of clearing house is carried out in the premises of the State Bank of India. The entire clearing house operations carried on by RBI are computerized. The inter-bank cheque clearing settlement is done twice a day. There is a separate route for clearing high value cheques of Rs.1.00 lakh and above. Cheques drawn on banks in metropolitan cities are cleared on the same day. The RBI carries out this function through a cell known as National Clearing Cell. In 1998, there were in all 860 clearing houses in operation of which 14 were run by RBI, 578 by SBI and others by public sector banks. The RBI acts as a lender of last resort or emergency fund provider to the other member banks. As such, if the commercial banks are not able to get financial assistance from any other sources, then as a last resort, they can approach the RBI for the necessary financial assistance. In such situations, the RBI provides credit facilities to the commercial banks on eligible securities including genuine trade bills which are usually made available at Bank Rate. RBI rediscounts bills under Section 17 (2) and 17 (3) and grants advances against securities under Section 17 (4) of RBI Act. However, many of these transactions are practically carried out through separate agencies like DHFI, Securities Trading Corporation of India, primary dealers. The RBI now mainly provides refinance facilities as direct assistance. Rediscounting of bills fall under the following categories: (i) Commercial Bill: A bill arising out of bonfire commercial or trade transaction drawn and payable in India and mature within 90 days from the date of purchase or discount is eligible for rediscount. (ii) Bills for Financing Agricultural Operations: A bill issued for purpose of financing seasonal agricultural operations or the marketing of crops and maturing within 15 months from the date of purchase or rediscount. (iii) Bills for Financing Cottage and Small Scale Industries: Bills drawn or issued for the purpose of financing the production and marketing of products of cottage and small industries approved by RBI and mature within 12 months from the date of discount. Refinance under agricultural and small scale industries activities are now provided by NABARD by obtaining financial assistance from RBI. Bill for holding or trading in Government securities: Such a bill should mature within 90 days from the date of purchase or rediscounting and be drawn and payable in India, (iv) Foreign bills: Bonfire bill arising out of export of goods from India and which mature within 180 days from the date of shipment of goods are eligible. As lender of last resort the RBI facilitates the following: (a) Provides financial assistance to commercial banks at the time of financial needs. (b) It helps the commercial banks in maintaining liquidity of their financial resources. (c) Enables the commercial banks to carry out their activities with minimum cash reserves. (d) As a lender of last resort, the RBI can exercise full control over the commercial banks. 7. Acts as the Controller of Credit The RBI controls the credit creation by commercial banks. For this, the RBI uses both quantitative and qualitative methods. The important methods used by RBI are, (i) Bank Rate Policy (ii) Open Market Operation (iii) Variation of Cash Reserve Ratio (iv) Fixing Margin Requirements (v) Moral Suasion (vi) Issue of Directives (vii) Direct Action By controlling credit, the RBI achieves the following: (a) Maintains the desired level of circulation of money in the economy. (b) Maintains the stability in the price level prevailing in the economy. (c) Controls the effects of trade cycles (d) Controls the fluctuations in the foreign exchange rate (e) Channelize credit to the productive sectors of the economy 8. Custodian of Foreign Exchange Reserves The RBI acts as the custodian of foreign exchange reserves. Adequate reserves may help maintain foreign exchange rates. In order to minimize the undue fluctuations in the rates it may buy and sell foreign currencies depending upon the situations. Its purchase and sale of foreign currencies from the market is done like commercial banks. However, the objective of the RBI will not be profit booking. It may buy the foreign currency to build up adequate reserves or to arrest unwarranted rise in the value of rupee which may be due to sudden inflow of foreign currencies into India. It may also buy and sell foreign currencies in international market to switch the portfolio of investments denominated in different international currencies depending upon circumstances and needs. The value of India’s Foreign Exchange reserves held by RBI as on June 1998 amounted to Rs.115001 crore. This amount comprises of gold Rs.12826 crore, foreign currency assets and value of IMF currency, viz., SDR (Special Drawing Rights). These reserves are increased to Rs. 1, 38,005 crore in March 1999. The value of foreign currency assets of RBI, which form the largest portion in India’s Foreign Currency reserves, is subject to changes even on daily basis depending upon ruling exchange rates, inflow and outflow of currencies, intervention policy of the RBI, etc. 9. Exchange Control When a country faces Balance of Payment of problems usually when its foreign exchange payments exceed foreign exchange receipts it controls the whole gamut of fore (foreign exchange) transactions and regulates payment system for its advantage. Ever since the beginning of Second World War in 1939 India faced shortage of forex for its development and growth. A Foreign Exchange Regulation Act was originally put in operation from March 1947 and later a new act known as Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) 1973 was introduced from 1st January 1974. Under this Act, RBI is empowered to regulate foreign exchange outgo and inflow, for example, we cannot buy everything we need from abroad and pay for it in forex. Trade side imports, i.e., merchandise imports are regulated by Director General Foreign Trade in the Ministry of Commerce. Payment for invisible transactions like tourism, foreign visit, dividend/interest payment, etc. is regulated by RBI. Similarly, all forex received or earned by residents in India, like exporters and relatives of NRIs [Non-resident Indian] should be surrendered to banks having license from RBI to deal in forex. However, since 1992, the receivers of forex are permitted to retain certain part of this forex in a separate foreign currency account if they so desire. Such account is known as Exchange Earners’ Foreign Currency Account or EEFC Account. Further, since 1994 many controls exercised by RBI on forex payments were relaxed. These days the RBI regulates forex transactions only to a minimum level and soon the Act, FERA may be replaced by a new Foreign Exchange Management Act. While the purchase and sale of forex, maintenance of foreign exchange reserves/gold, are handled in the Department of External Investment and operations the control and regulations of various other forex transactions are handled in the Exchange Control Department of Reserve Bank of India. The RBI by its operation of credit control and price stability maintains the internal value of domestic currency and ensures its stability External Value of Rupee In terms of preamble to RBI Act, the Bank is also required to maintain external, value of the Rupee. It, however, depends upon many factors like inflation levels, interest rates Balance of payments situation, etc., ruling in different countries on which RBI does not have control. Earlier, till 1993 the RBI uses to prescribe the Exchange Rate of Rupee. The external value of rupee is now determined by market forces. RBI by virtue of its position as the Central Bank of the country and custodian of large forex reserves can influence the level of External Value in the short run. Publishes the Economic Statistics and Other Information The RBI collects statistics on economic and financial matters. It publishes periodically an analytical account of the operations of joint stock and co-operative banks. It presents the genuine financial position of the government and companies. The publications like the report on currency and finance, the report on the trend and progress of banking in India, the review of co-operative movement present a critical account and a balanced review of banking developments commercial, economic and financial conditions of the country. Fights against Economic Crisis The RBI aims at economic stability in the country whenever, there is a danger to the economic stability, it takes immediate measures to put the economy on proper course by effective policy changes and implementation thereof. Promotional Functions These are non-monetary functions. They include the following: 1. Promotion of Banking Habits The RBI institutionalizes saving through the promotion of banking habit and expansion of the banking system territorially and functionally. Accordingly RBI has set up Deposit Insurance Corporation in 1962, Unit Trust of India in 1964, the IDBI in 1964, the Agricultural Refinance Corporation in 1963, Industrial Reconstruction Corporation of India in 1972, NABARD in 1982 and the National Housing Bank in 1988, etc. It has helped to bring into existence several industrial finance corporations such as Industrial Finance Corporation of India, Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India for industrialization of the country. Similarly sector specific corporations took care of development in their respective spheres of activity. 2. Provides Refinance for Export Promotion The RBI takes the initiative for widening facilities for the provision of finance for foreign trade particularly of exports. The Export Credit and Guarantee Corporation (ECGC) and Exam Banks render useful functions on this line. To encourage exports the RBI is providing refinance facilities for export credit given by commercial banks. Further the rate of interest on export credits continues to be prescribed by RBI at a lower rate. The ECGC provides an insurance cover on Export receivables. EXIM Bank extends long term finance to project exporters and foreign currency credit for promotion of Indian exports. Students should know that many of these institutions were part of Reserve Bank earlier although they are currently functioning as separate financial institutions. 3. Facilities for Agriculture The RBI extends indirect financial facilities to agriculture regularly. Through NABARD it provides short-term and long-term financial facilities to agriculture and allied activities. It established NABARD for the overall administration of agricultural and rural credit. Indian agriculture would have starved of a cheap credit but for the institutionalization of rural credit by RBI. The Reserve Bank was extending financial assistance to the rural sector mainly through contributions to the National Rural Credit Funds being operated by NABARD. RBI presently makes only a symbolic contribution of Rs.1.00 crore. It, however, extends cheap indirect financial assistance to the agricultural sector by providing large sums of money through General Line of Credit to NABARD. The loans and advances extended to NABARD by RBI and outstanding as on June 1999 amounted to Rs.5073 crore. 4. Facilities to Small Scale Industries The RBI takes active steps to increase the supply of credit to small industries. It gives directives to the commercial banks regarding the extension of credit facilities to small scale industries. It encourages commercial banks to provide guarantee services to SSI sector. Banks advances to SSI sector are classified under priority sector advances. SSI sector contributes to a very great extent to employment opportunities and for Indian Exports. Keeping this in view, RBI has directed commercial banks to open specialized SSI bank branches to provide adequate financial and technical assistance to SSI branches. There are around 30 lakh SSI units operating in India. Meeting their financial needs is one of the prime concerns of RBI. 5. Helps Co-operative Sector RBI extends indirect financing to State Co-operative Banks thereby connects the cooperative sector with the main banking system of the country. The finance is mostly, is routed through NABARD. This way the financial needs of agricultural sector are taken care of by RBI. 6. Prescription of Minimum Statutory Requirements for Banks The RBI prescribes the minimum statutory requirements such as, paid up capital, reserves, cash reserves, liquid assets, etc. RBI prescribes reserves requirements both under Banking Regulation Act and RBI Act to ensure different objectives. For example, SLR prescription is done to ensure liquidity position of the bank. CRR prescription is done to have effective monetary control and money supply. Statutory Reserves Appropriation is done to ensure sound banking system, etc. It also asks banks to set aside provisions against possible bad loans. With these functions, it exercises control over the monetary and banking systems of the country to ensure growth, price stability and sound banking practices. C. Supervisory Functions The Reserve Bank of India performs the following supervisory functions. By these functions it controls and administers the entire financial and banking systems of the country. 1. Granting License to Banks The RBI grants license to the banks, which like to commence their business in India. Licenses are also required to open new branches or closure of branches. With this power RBI can ensure avoidance of unnecessary competitions among banks in particular location evenly growth of banks in different regions, adequate banking facility to various regions, etc. This power also helps RBI to weed out undesirable people from starting banking business. 2. Function of Inspection and Enquiry RBI inspects and makes enquiry in respect of various matters covered under Banking Regulations Act and RBI Act. The inspection of commercial banks and financial institutions are conducted in terms of the provisions contained in Banking Regulation Act. These refer to their banking operations like loans and advances, deposits, investment functions and other banking services. Under such inspection RBI ensures that the banks and financial institutions carry on their operations in a prudential manner, without taking undue risk but aiming at profit maximization within the existing rules and regulations. This type of inspection is carried on periodically once a year or two covering all branches of banks. Banks are obliged to take remedial measures on the lapses / deficiencies pointed out during inspection. In addition RBI also calls for periodical information concerning certain assets and liabilities of the banks to verify that the banks continue to remain in good health. This type of inspection / verification is known as off- site inspection. The RBI team visiting bank offices to conduct verification of books and records is known as on- site inspection. RBI inspects banks under RBI Act only when there is a threat to close down a bank for mismanagement and there is a need to verify the fulfillment of conditions for the status of ‘scheduled bank’. RBI presently conducts inspection of commercial banks, Development Financial Institutions like IDBI, NABARD, etc. Urban Co- operative Banks and non banking financial companies like Lease Financing Companies, Loan Companies. 3. Implementing the Deposit Insurance Scheme RBI Implements the Deposit Insurance Scheme for the benefit of bank depositors. This supervisory function has improved the standard of banking in India due to this confidence building exercise. Under this system, deposits up to Rs.1.00 lakh with the bank branch are guaranteed for payment. Deposits with the banking system alone are covered under the scheme. For this purpose banking system include accounts maintained with commercial banks, co- operative banks and RRBs. Fixed Deposits with other financial institutions like ICICI, IDBI, etc. and those with financial companies are not covered under the scheme. ICICI is since merged with ICICI Bank Ltd. and IDBI is getting converted into a bank. 4. Periodical Review of the Working of the Commercial Banks The RBI periodically reviews the work done by commercial banks. It takes suitable steps to enhance the efficiency of the banks and make various policy changes and implement programmes for the well-being of the nation and for improving the banking system as a whole. 5. Controls the Non-Banking Financial Corporations RBI issues necessary directions to the Non-Banking financial corporations and conducts inspections through which it exercises control over such institutions. Deposit taking NBFCs require permission from RBI for their operations.

English Beowulf Essay

Beowulf will be missed for his courageous actions, compassion towards his people and his strong will to fight. He was loved by his people and all people that he helped. Beowulf was a strong warrior that would never back down from a challenge. If he saw trouble, no matter what country, he would do go to the country to defeat their monster. He has fought and won battles against many monsters. He also cared about people from other countries. He went to Denmark to save Hrothgar and his people from the monster Grendel. He did not do this for the money that he would receive after he did it for glory and to bring peace to Denmark. He cared about his people and his comrades, and would never back down from a fight. He always wanted fame and he received it up until his death. Everyone thought very highly of him. He always said that if anything were to happen to him he would want his belongings to go to his people and his king. He did not show this pleasant side of him to his enemies. To his enemies he was a ruthless killer who could not be defeated. To his people, he was a loving king. In his prime, it did not matter what was put up against him, he would defeat the enemy. He did not particularly care for his riches but for his glory and for his people. He was always helping people and doing his best to win a fight. He fought up until the very end, freeing the Geats of the fire breathing dragon. He was very old, but still on his own, went out to save his country and defeat the dragon. He did defeat the dragon along with our king Wiglaf. He rest forever with the treasures that he won in his final conquest. I have been assigned to write an English poetry coursework, I was given a range of two poems to choose to analyse. The two poems I was given to choose to analyse are the following:  Firstly, â€Å"I am not that Woman†, which is written by the Asian poet Kishwar Naheed, the poem was translated in to English from Urdu.  And secondly  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Once upon a Time†, this is written by Gabrael Okara.  I have chosen to analyse the essay on the poem â€Å"I am not that Woman.  Kishwar Naheed was born in Bulandshahr, which is situated in India, in 1940. She is one of the best-known feminist poets of Pakistan, even at this present moment, her mother tongue was Urdu so many of the poems were originally written in Urdu. It also says that she has written ten collections of poetry, one of them poems is written on the state of women in the early days.  The poet experiences the situation that the women in the past had no rights and were tortured, in other words women were discriminated. The poet has a purpose of the poem, the theme of the poem is to convey the message that Asian women are not that type of women who were unable to do things, for example, money weren’t given to women to spend on either necessities or anything, they were also locked up in rooms and simply saying that their lives were just ruined. The feeling of the poet are at first distress that it makes a female reader feel extremely emotional about the fact that she has the ability of writing such words in front of the world asking for freedom. The poem has five stanzas, every line of the stanza is explained below.  At the beginning of each stanza, Kishwar writes that I am not that woman, the whole purpose of this to emphasise the importance of women rights. She says ‘selling you socks and shoes’, the meaning to say this is that she is not them woman who get extremely less money for work. After writing this she says, ‘remember I am the one you hid in your walls of stone’, the words which come out of her mouth are not true but she is explaining the sentence by using metaphors, she conveys the message that she was restricted to go out, it is a jail and nobody could come out to do work or even shopping. Kishwar says that ‘while you roamed’, the women could not step out of their houses to even meet their friends, it was like depressing inside the jail for them and the men had soft times to have a laugh, repenting was not in the men’s lives and did feel ashamed of doing such acts as beating, swearing and how cruel they were. Moving on to the next line which talks about freedom of men the poet says ‘free as the breeze, not knowing that my voice cannot be smothered by stones’, the meaning of this is that if she was to shout at someone outside to escape from the trap, it is not like this that her power of speech was controlled.